Biohacking, nootropics, and brain health: Unlocking cognitive potential naturally

At The Naked Pharmacy, we’re all about harnessing nature’s intelligence to fuel optimal health. Today, we’re diving into the cutting-edge world of biohacking, nootropics, and brain health—breaking them down, bringing you the latest research, and revealing how natural ingredients can power your cognitive performance like never before.

What is biohacking? The evolution of a movement

Biohacking is the art and science of optimising human biology using a mix of lifestyle changes, nutrition, technology, and supplements. What started as an underground movement (think Silicon Valley executives experimenting with fasting, cold therapy, and wearables) has now evolved into a full-fledged industry worth billions!

The roots of biohacking

The term “biohacking” emerged from the DIY biology movement in the early 2000s, with tech enthusiasts and scientists pushing the limits of human performance. However, biohacking’s core ideas, like optimising health through diet, fasting, and exercise, are ancient. Yogis, herbalists, and traditional healers were the original biohackers, using nature’s bounty to sharpen body and mind.

Biohacking is an umbrella term that includes nootropics and brain health, two concepts that have exploded in popularity in recent years. Let’s break them down.

Nootropics: Smart drugs or smart nutrition?

What are nootropics?

Nootropics are substances that enhance cognitive function, particularly memory, creativity, and focus. The term was coined in the 1970s by Romanian psychologist Corneliu E. Giurgea, who defined them as compounds that improve brain function while being safe and non-toxic.

A brief history of nootropics

• Ancient Wisdom: Chinese and Ayurvedic medicine have long used herbs like Ginkgo Biloba and Bacopa Monnieri to enhance cognition.
• Modern Discovery: In the 1960s, synthetic nootropics (like Piracetam) were developed, opening the doors to the “smart drug” movement.
• The Biohacker Boom: Today, nootropics range from coffee and adaptogens to high-tech compounds designed to optimise mental clarity.

Nootropics have become a core pillar of biohacking, as people look for natural and effective ways to boost their mental edge without synthetic stimulants.

Nootropics - A rapidly evolving field

Based on their nature and their effects, this heterogeneous group of drugs has been divided into four subgroups: classical nootropic compounds, substances increasing brain metabolism, cholinergics, and plant extracts with nootropic effects. 

Let’s go through them together:

Classical nootropic compounds are the foundational substances in the field of cognitive enhancement. As mentioned before, these compounds were first defined in the 1970s by Romanian neuroscientist Corneliu E. Giurgea, who established the criteria for true nootropics—substances that enhance cognitive function without causing significant side effects or neurotoxicity.

Some of the most well-researched classical nootropics include:

• Piracetam – The first synthetic nootropic, piracetam, has been studied for its role in improving memory, learning capacity, and neuroprotection. It is believed to enhance communication between neurons by modulating neurotransmitters like acetylcholine.
  
• Aniracetam – A more potent analog of piracetam, aniracetam is known for its effects on creativity, focus, and mood stabilisation, as it interacts with AMPA receptors involved in synaptic plasticity.
  
• Oxiracetam – Often categorised as a cognitive stimulant, oxiracetam enhances logical thinking and learning ability, making it popular among students and professionals.
  
• Pramiracetam – One of the strongest racetam-class nootropics, pramiracetam is associated with enhanced memory formation and recall by increasing high-affinity choline uptake.
  
• Noopept – A peptide-based nootropic with neuroprotective and cognitive-enhancing properties, Noopept is believed to stimulate NGF (nerve growth factor) and BDNF (brain-derived neurotrophic factor), supporting long-term brain health.

How classical nootropics work

These compounds primarily enhance cognition by:

• Boosting neurotransmitter function (e.g., acetylcholine, glutamate).
• Improving synaptic plasticity, which is essential for learning and memory.
• Enhancing cerebral blood flow, providing the brain with more oxygen and nutrients.
• Exhibiting neuroprotective effects, potentially delaying cognitive decline.

Although classical nootropics laid the foundation for modern cognitive enhancers, many natural nootropic alternatives, such as Saffron, Fenugreek, Ginkgo biloba, and Ashwagandha, are now gaining popularity due to their holistic benefits and better safety profile.

Substances increasing brain metabolism: Fuelling cognitive power

Brain metabolism refers to the energy production and utilisation processes that keep our minds sharp, responsive, and resilient. Since the brain consumes about 20% of the body's total energy, optimising its metabolic efficiency is crucial for memory, focus, and overall cognitive performance.

Certain compounds are known to enhance brain metabolism by improving mitochondrial function, increasing glucose uptake, and enhancing oxygen utilisation. These substances are often used to combat mental fatigue, neurodegeneration, and age-related cognitive decline.

Key substances that boost brain metabolism

• Acetyl-L-Carnitine (ALCAR) – A bioavailable form of L-carnitine, ALCAR helps transport fatty acids into mitochondria, improving energy production, neuroprotection, and neurotransmitter balance. Studies suggest it may slow cognitive decline and enhance memory.
  
  
• Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) – Essential for mitochondrial energy production, CoQ10 enhances ATP synthesis in brain cells, supporting neuronal function and antioxidant defence. It has been studied for its role in preventing neurodegenerative diseases like Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s.
  
  
• Creatine – Typically associated with muscle performance, creatine also benefits the brain by replenishing ATP stores, reducing mental fatigue, and improving short-term memory and processing speed.
  
  
• Alpha-Lipoic Acid (ALA) – A potent antioxidant and mitochondrial booster, ALA supports glucose metabolism, combats oxidative stress, and has been studied for its potential in managing neurodegenerative conditions.
  
  
• Citicoline (CDP-Choline) – A precursor to phosphatidylcholine, citicoline boosts brain metabolism, enhances neurotransmitter synthesis, and supports neurogenesis. It is widely used for cognitive enhancement and stroke recovery.
  
  
• Methylene Blue – A unique compound that enhances mitochondrial respiration and ATP production, methylene blue is being researched for its potential to improve memory, reduce oxidative stress, and slow neurodegeneration.

How these substances work

These metabolism-boosting compounds support cognition by:

• Enhancing mitochondrial efficiency for sustained mental energy.
• Improving glucose and oxygen utilisation for better focus and clarity.
• Reducing oxidative stress to protect neurons from damage.
• Supporting neurotransmitter function for improved learning and memory.

How can these make a difference?

Declining brain metabolism is linked to age-related cognitive decline, neurodegeneration, and brain fog. By supporting mitochondrial health and energy production, these compounds help maintain optimal cognitive function and may even reduce the risk of neurological diseases.

Cholinergics: The brain's memory enhancers

Cholinergics are compounds that enhance the function of the cholinergic system, primarily by boosting acetylcholine (ACh) levels—a neurotransmitter critical for memory, learning, attention, and overall cognitive function. Since acetylcholine is often depleted in conditions like Alzheimer’s disease, cholinergics are widely studied for their role in neuroprotection and cognitive enhancement.

Key cholinergic compounds

• Alpha-GPC (L-Alpha Glycerylphosphorylcholine) – A highly bioavailable choline donor, Alpha-GPC rapidly increases acetylcholine levels, supporting memory, focus, and neuroplasticity. It has been studied for its ability to improve cognitive function in both healthy individuals and those with neurodegenerative diseases.
  
  
• Citicoline (CDP-Choline) – A choline precursor that also increases levels of uridine, a key compound for neuronal repair and synapse formation. Citicoline enhances memory, attention, and mental energy while also offering neuroprotective benefits.
  
  
• Huperzine A – A natural acetylcholinesterase inhibitor, Huperzine A prevents the breakdown of acetylcholine, leading to increased cognitive performance, improved memory retention, and enhanced neuroprotection. It has been studied as a potential treatment for Alzheimer’s disease.
  
  
• Bacopa Monnieri – Although best known as an adaptogen, Bacopa enhances cholinergic signalling by increasing acetylcholine release and supporting dendrite growth, improving learning, memory recall, and mental clarity over time.
  
  
• Acetyl-L-Carnitine (ALCAR) – This mitochondrial booster also plays a role in acetylcholine production, helping with memory formation, focus, and neuroprotection. ALCAR is often used to combat cognitive decline and brain fog.
  
  
• Phosphatidylcholine (PC) – A key component of cell membranes, PC provides a direct source of choline and supports neuronal integrity, memory retention, and cognitive resilience. 

How do Cholinergics work?

Cholinergic compounds enhance cognition by:

• Increasing acetylcholine levels for better memory and learning.
• Enhancing synaptic plasticity to support long-term brain health.
• Improving focus and mental clarity for sustained cognitive performance.
• Protecting neurons from oxidative stress and age-related decline.

How these can make a difference?

A decline in cholinergic function is linked to age-related memory loss, brain fog and neurodegenerative diseases. By optimising acetylcholine levels, cholinergics help maintain mental sharpness, learning ability and overall cognitive resilience.

Plant extracts: Nature's cognitive enhancers

Plant extracts have been used for centuries to enhance brain function, improve memory, and protect against cognitive decline. Unlike synthetic nootropics, these natural compounds often provide a broader range of benefits, including anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and neuroprotective effects. Many of these plant-derived nootropics have been extensively studied for their role in boosting cognitive function and supporting long-term brain health.

Key plant extracts for cognitive enhancement

• Ginkgo Biloba – One of the most well-known brain-boosting botanicals, Ginkgo improves blood flow to the brain, enhances memory and focus, and provides neuroprotection through its powerful antioxidant properties. It has been studied for its potential in reducing age-related cognitive decline and symptoms of dementia.
  
  
• Bacopa Monnieri – A staple in Ayurvedic medicine, Bacopa is known for its ability to enhance memory, learning, and cognitive flexibility. It works by increasing synaptic communication and promoting dendrite growth, leading to long-term improvements in brain function.
  
  
• Panax Ginseng – An adaptogenic herb that supports mental energy, cognitive performance, and stress resilience. Studies suggest it may improve working memory, mood, and neuroplasticity by modulating neurotransmitters like dopamine and acetylcholine.
  
  
• Rhodiola Rosea – A stress-adaptogen and brain booster, Rhodiola enhances mental clarity, reduces fatigue, and improves focus. It supports cognitive function by reducing cortisol levels and increasing dopamine and serotonin activity.
  
  
• Saffron (Crocus sativus) – Emerging research suggests that saffron may help with mood regulation, cognitive enhancement, and neuroprotection. It has been studied for its antidepressant effects and potential to support memory and mental clarity.
  
  
• Curcumin (Turmeric Extract) – The active compound in turmeric, curcumin, has powerful anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. It has been shown to enhance neurogenesis, reduce beta-amyloid plaque buildup, and support brain function in neurodegenerative conditions like Alzheimer’s.
  
  
• Lion’s Mane Mushroom (Hericium erinaceus) – Known for its neurotrophic effects, Lion’s Mane stimulates nerve growth factor (NGF), which supports neuronal repair, memory enhancement, and cognitive longevity. It has been researched for its potential to prevent age-related cognitive decline.
  
  
• Ashwagandha – A potent adaptogen that reduces cortisol, enhances memory, and supports overall brain health. It is particularly effective in reducing stress-related cognitive impairment.

How do plant extracts support brain health?

• Boosting blood flow and oxygen delivery to the brain.
• Enhancing neurotransmitter balance for improved memory, focus, and mood.
• Reducing oxidative stress and inflammation to protect against neurodegeneration.
• Stimulating neurogenesis and synaptic plasticity for long-term cognitive benefits.

How can these make a difference?

With increasing awareness of natural nootropics, plant extracts are becoming a preferred choice for cognitive enhancement due to their safety, long-term benefits, and multi-functional properties. Whether for memory, focus, stress reduction, or neuroprotection, these botanicals offer a holistic approach to brain health. 

Brain health: The foundation of cognitive longevity

What is brain health?

Brain health refers to the ability to learn, remember, and function optimally over a lifetime. This concept has been recognised for centuries, with ancient societies using herbs, diet, and lifestyle practices to support cognition.

A brief history of brain health

• Ancient Civilisations: Traditional medicines have long used herbs, meditation, and diet to preserve cognitive function.
• 20th Century: Research into Alzheimer’s, dementia, and neurodegenerative diseases increased focus on long-term brain health.
• Today, with longer lifespans and greater cognitive demands, brain health is more critical than ever, making biohacking a crucial tool for preserving mental acuity.

Where are we now? The latest research

• Biohacking: Scientists are exploring nutrigenomics—how food and supplements interact with our genes.
• Nootropics: (As mentioned previously) Research on plant-based nootropics like saffron and ashwagandha is showing promise for stress, memory, and focus.
• Brain Health: The gut-brain axis and the role of inflammation in cognitive decline are hot topics in neuroscience.

Natural biohacking: The best ingredients for cognitive power

Now, let’s explore how specific natural ingredients align with biohacking, nootropics, and brain health.

Ashwagandha

• Reduces cortisol levels, lowering stress and improving focus.
• Boosts memory and cognitive function, according to clinical studies.

Effects of Acute Ashwagandha Ingestion on Cognitive Function

Fenugreek

• May enhance memory retention.
• Contains compounds that support neuroprotection.

The effects of fenugreek seed extract supplementation in patients with Alzheimer's disease: A randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial

Saffron

• Clinical studies suggest saffron enhances mood and cognitive function.
• Acts as a powerful natural antidepressant and memory booster.

Therapeutic effects of saffron and its components on neurodegenerative diseases

Gingko Biloba

• Enhances blood flow to the brain, improving memory and concentration.
• Has been studied extensively for neuroprotective effects.

Neuroprotective and Antioxidant Effect of Ginkgo biloba Extract Against AD and Other Neurological Disorders

Omega-3 Fatty Acids

• Essential for brain cell membranes.
• Supports memory, mood, and overall cognitive function.

Vitamin D

• Low levels are linked to cognitive decline.
• Supports nerve growth and neurotransmitter function.

Magnesium

• Essential for neurotransmitter regulation.
• Helps with relaxation, focus, and preventing cognitive decline.

Beta-Glucan

• Supports immune function, which indirectly benefits brain health.
• May help with reducing inflammation in the body and brain.

Vitamin C

• A potent antioxidant that fights oxidative stress in the brain.
• Supports neurotransmitter production.

Zinc

• Essential for neuroplasticity and synaptic transmission.
• Helps with learning and memory.

Coenzyme Q10

• Supports mitochondrial energy production in brain cells.
• Has been studied for neuroprotective effects in conditions like Parkinson’s.
• The active compound in turmeric is known for its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties.
• Supports cognitive function and protects against neurodegenerative diseases.

Resveratrol

• Found in red grapes, linked to brain longevity.
• May support brain function by reducing inflammation.

Collagen

• Important for brain and nervous system function.
• Provides amino acids that support neurotransmitter production.

The future of biohacking: where are we headed?

The future of biohacking is exciting and limitless. From advanced nutrigenomics to precision supplementation, the industry is set to redefine how we optimise brain health.

At The Naked Pharmacy, we believe in a natural-first approach to biohacking. Our mission is to deliver powerful, scientifically backed supplements that enhance brain function, without synthetic additives. As innovation continues, we’ll be at the forefront, ensuring you have access to the most effective natural biohacking solutions.

Ready to upgrade your cognitive game? Nature has the answers—let’s unlock them together.